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To read the full-text of this research, you can request a copy directly from the author. Request full-text PDF Search for: Models reveal how they were discovered. The Guhila Dhanika inhisDhod inscription of theyear A. According to the Mathura Inscription of 7th or 8ih century A.

Yasovanna, whose details of exploits arc pre- served in Gauda'Vafco, flourished between A. This proves that the Mauryas had succeeded to occupy a vast territory.

The progress of the Mauryas of Chittor was checked by the Arab invasion, the detailed account of tvhich is given in the next chapter. Our infonnation about the descendants of Man Mori is meagre. XXXII p. Rajasthan Bharati Vol. IX No. Ill p. Tod- 1, p. His another work Samaraichcha Kaha is very famous for its style. Thus during the 8ih A. Chapter-Il a Guhadatta, the Progenitor of the Guhilot-families Mewar, richlj' endowed by nature, witnessed enormous prospe- rity.

Its fertile plains and important commercial centres remained a standing temptation to the hoards of the hungry invaders, who Came to devastate its fields and batten on its wealth. Fortunately, it remained under the suzerainty of the brave Guhilots, who with the spirit of constancy and enduring courage, resisted by displaying gallantry, prowess and personal courage.

Tod, therefore, rightly observedl that the Hindu tribe yielded unanimous suffrage to the princes of Mewar, as the first of the thirty-six ruling clans of the Rajputs. The progenitor of this family was Guhadatta.

Origin of the Guhilots D. Journal of the Bengal Asuitic Society Vol. Ibid pp. XVI pp. XXIV p. Ojha I pp. Sircar, G. Raichaudhary and D. Bliandliarkar have given its interpretation, as that of a family springing from the parents, one of whom was a Brahman and the other Kshatri a. But this interpretation docs not seem to be correct.

Bhandharkar, while editing the above inscription, transpired that Ram, referred to in the above passage, is obviously used for Parasu- ram. In this way the argu- ments of these learned scholars about the origin of the word Brahma- Kihatra can h-irdly be agreed to. Some e-arlier references mentioned below spc. Tlic Udaipur Museum inscription of V. The N. The Nagpur Museum inscription of 13th century A. Similarly the Slirinsi-Rislil inscription of V. E, USr, 1. These serve as an important evidence on the basis of which the theory of Brahman-origin, propounded by Veda Sharma, can easily be questioned, as his drafts of the inscriptions of V.

Date of Guhadatta Due to recent discoveries of numerous inscriptions, copper- plates and coins of early Guhilols from Vagada, Dhod Jahazpur and Nagar Tonk , it becomes all the more necessary to reconsider the probable date of Guhadatta, the progenitor of the family. Ojha assigned his date as V.

In this way the date has been ascertained by diminishing 80 years for four generations from the year V. But this date does not seem to be conclusive and some corrections seem to be necessary, on the grounds mentioned below : — 1. Tlie early Guhilot inscription oftheyear A.

A scries of names of the kings of Bharttrij. On comparing these names, with the similar names recorded in the Chatsu inscription, the probable date of Bhantripatta, the founder of this branch, falls much nearer to the date of Guhila as assigned by Ojha.

The inscription of the year A. He For the details, see the following papers of the author. I, Jodhpur. Ojha I p. The Bliatat Kaumudi 11 pp. XXXV pp. This proves that the Guhilots, upto that time, extended their several branches. These do not contain any similar name recorded in the early inscriptions of Mewar. Even on a close examination of genealogies of the families of Nagar, Vagada and Mewar, we do not find any common name in them. Therefore, keeping all these points in view, we can not assign the date of Guhadatta, later than the 6rst quarter of 6th century A.

Location of his state The antecedents of Guhadatta can not be traced out for want of authentic material. In bardie chronicles, certain stories have been fabricated, where-in he has been described as a posthumous child of Siladliya,2i the Maitraka king of Vallabhi.

But the Maitraka rulers were in no way connected with the legendary solar race to which Lord Ram belonged. Similarly, as these princes continued to rule at Vallabhi, upto the last quarter of 8th century A. This proves that he came from the side of Gujrat and Sircar pp. Ill the Atpiir intcriplion rcipecl. Tod Vol. XXXIX p. Roshanlal Samar of Udaipur2t has also collected nine copper coins of Guhila. On the basis of these pieces of numismatic evidence, it may be ar- gued that Guhila might have either migrated from the side of Uttar pradesh or subsequently moved towards Mathura, after establishing himself in Mewar.

But wc can not overlook the probability that the coins found from Agra and Narwar might have belonged to the Nagar branch of the Guhilots and do not pertain to Guhadatta, the progenitor of the Guhilot families. The Guhilots are sub-divided into twentyfour branches or ramifications. The Chitior inscription of V. This mention also corroborates the fact.

XX pt. Medieval inscriptions, though numerous, do not throw much light on this period. The Atpur inscription oFV. The Achalcshwar temple inscription ofV. Harshavardhan and Mewar The rulers of Mewar had to face the danger of the imperial power of Harshavardhan A. Although there is no direct evidence to prove that he had chastised the rulers of Mewar, but be did launch offensive expeditions on north- western Gujrat and wrested Vallabhi-Nagari by defeating its ruler Maitraka king Dharasena II Baladitya, who in his distress requested him for peace and had to take shelter with the Gurjar king Dada II G A.

Therefore, the presence of Harshavardhan in 1. XXXI p. Ilaichaudhary docribcj Mahendra and Nagaditya ai one and the lame ruler, having hit rull name at hlahcndra-Naga, Iltstory of Mewar p. Ojha, D. Bhandarltar and D-CTSircar main- tain that theie iwo were separate rulm. Ojha 1 p. Tod I p. Therefore, a conjecture can be hazarded that Harshavardhan was having his sway over Mewar. Siladitya A. Nagaditya was survived by Siladitya, one of the most important and enterprising nders of Mewar.

Reminiscences of his achievements are preserved in various inscriptions and other bardic accounts. The Samoli inscription of the year A. Similar account is also available in the Chittor inscription of V. It seems that he successfully washed away the influence of Harsha from Mewar, during the closing years of the latter's reign. After the death of Harshavardhan in A. Taking the advantage of such beneficial situation, Siladitya of Mewar also endeavoured to extend the boundaries of the state and captured Bhomat area.

In this way, by his enterprising achievements he achieved great fame and strove hard to raise the political status of the principality of the Nagada-Ahar branch of the Guhilots, The Chittor inscription of V.

XXX p. Thus, Mewar witnessed immense prosperity which tempted the outside merchants to settle there. The SamoU insetipuon of the year A. There is evidence to support this view. It can be adduced from the sculptures found from Samalaji, Sisra-hcad and other pieces of images collected from Kalyanpur, Matrika images from Tanesar, male torso from Kajcda, Vol, iV p.

Lalit Kola No. Shah— Tile Sculpium from Samalaji and Rtioda pp. Therefore, it can be said that Siladitya patronised artists and so there are more chances to believe that Shringadhar fiourished under him.

But it may be noted that the author of the Kutnbhalgarh inscription was also confused about this controversy, as he has also mentioned Bappa as the founder of the family, in verses , and described Guhadalta as his son.

Therefore, there are little chances of this identification. This matter is being dealt with separately below. Aparajit and Mabendra Siladitya was succeeded by his son AparajU. An inscription of the year A. No other account of his reign is now available. He was succeeded by his son Mahendra. Kavnraja Shyamaldas23 proposes to identify him with Bappa Rawal. But it seems inconsistent, as lie has also accepted V.

E, A. According to bardic chronicles, Aparajit lost, his life while fighting with the Bhils. Sircar— c»p. Dashraih Sharma— Rajajtban through the Ages, pp.

IV pp. This inscription simply describes him— etc. Vtr-Vinod pp. Similarly, Mauryas of Chiitor and Rastra- kutas of Indragarh were also rriling over the territories contiguous to Mcwar. But their relations with Mewar are not exactly known. Kalabhoja Bappa Rawal Mahendra was succeeded by Kalabhoja. I endorse the views till some other evidence is known, as it is also corroborated from the Maharawal Pata's inscription of V.

At the same time, in the genealogy mentioned in Atpur inscription of V. A controversy also centres around the antecedents of Bappa, in the medieval epigraphs. The verse of the Kumbhalgarh inscription of V.

This account seems to have been taken from the Chittor inscription of V. In this way, these two accounts arc quite contradictory to each other. But the Atpur inscription of Saktikumar of V. Uut the Guniloii of KiihVindHa did not use it.

As such Bappa-Rawal can not be treated as the father of Guhadatta. The early life of this remarkable man is still wrapped in mystery. He remained in disguise in the hills of Nagada, The loss of patrimony adversely affected the resources of the family. He was brought up by a Brahman lady of Nagada who engaged him to look after her cows. It is said that two faithful Bhil-adhcrcnts accompanied him, whose descendants were subsequently granted the jagirs of Oguna and Undri villages.

It was during this time that he came in contact with Haritrashi, by whose grace he was successful in regaining his lost principality. Since then, the family of the rulers of Mewar has been regularly paying homage to the said deity. According to Col. Tod, it is not a proper name, but signifies merely a child. But a group of scholars, namely, C. Vaidya, G. Ojha, Kaviraja Shyamaldas, D. Bhandarkar, Crooks etc.

This interpretation also does not seem to be correct, as in the earlier epigraphs of V. Similarly, stress has been laid on the description of his gallant and adventurous career in the later records and even during medieval times, a concept was propagated that he tvas the progenitor of the Tod 1 pp, DQ Similarly, the Uaawai inscription mentions Vbl.

VII No. GuliUot families. Hence, some more plausible and convincing evidence is required for not recording his name in the genealogical tables. His place in genealogy The Atpur inscription of V.

But at the same time, the Unawas inscription of V. Therefore, it can also be conjectured that he might have been a member of some other branch of the Guhilot family, who like the Pratihar king Nagabhat I, measured sword against the Arabs and strove hard to raise the status of his family. Therefore, bis exact position in the genealogy of the rulers ofMewar has not so far been determined with cer- tainty and a divergence of opinion exists about it. L XXV n I Vol.

II p, Ojh4 1 pp. Mukberjt— op. But the SamoU mscription of the year of the reign of Siladitya, does not mention any such appellation for him. Therefore, there is little likelihood of his identification with Bappa. Besides, traditionally Khuman I, who happened to be the successor of Kalabhoja, as per Atpur inscription of V.

Therefore, his identification wtih Bappa is also possible. Similar argument was also put forward by D. But a more reliable and independent source, the Uparaganva Dungarpur mscription of V. Therefore, the. Ojha, identifying Kalabhoja with Bappa, seems to be convincing.

In this way, Bappa can be identified with Kalabhoja, although there arc grounds to believe that a person with this name was also a member of the other Guhilot branch of Kisha-. His probable date The exact dates of the reign of Bappa-Rawal are also not known. Ojha and D. Bhandarkar, giving Credence to the M. XXXIX pp. Supra r. Tod I pp. EkUng Purana IOiha. Tod also saw an inscription of the year A.

In this way, the dates given by Col. Tod, of his birth and abdication, can be taken into consideration. Bappa and Chittor The aniecendcnts of Kukadeshwar, mentioned in the frag- mentary Chittor inscription, aS stated above are not known. He Plight have been a descendant of Mori king Man or more propably he was the Pratihar king Kukustha, the successor of Nagabhat I, as the latter had swayed upto Ujjavn. He was, of course not a Guhilot, ruler.

Therefore, it can hardly be denied, 80 long as no other contrary evidence is forthcoming. Remini- scencs of this event are preserved in the Navasari plates of A. The Pratihar king Nagabhat I had striven with all lus might to drive the invaders out of India. Tod Up. FJliot and Powwn Vol. I Part J p. Similarly, Bappa nught have also benefitted rom the situation. Together they success- fully resisted the advancing forces of the Arabs. As the Maurya power of Chittor was put to an end by the Arabs, Bappa-Rawal took aovTintage of this situation and exte..

Tradition believes that he had built up the state on a stronger foundation by the assimilation of the Maurya pow» r of Chittor. After the exodus of the Arabs, a serious political development took place.

Tltis proves that a crushing defeat was inflicted upon the Pratiharas. It seems that Bappa also exten- ded his help to the Pratihars in their struggle with the Rasirakutas and thus succeeded in wresting the eastern part of Mewar. The Sanjan plates of S. XVIII pp. But the latter was the contemporary of Khuman II, or his immediate successor and therefore, his contest with the said imuder was practically impossible. Similarly, his battle with Arab Governor Junaid, as stated by G.

But nothing ts known about his adversary. Mewar, which is contiguous to Malwa, could not have remained untouched. Tlic Pratihar prince Nagbhai I died and his successor could net check the progress of the Rastrakutas.

During this grim political situation, Upendra P. Looking to such political developments, the 1. Rairhntitlliry— lliMnry of Mewar p. XXX Xo. Marth, pp. However, due to the enterprising achieve- ments of Khuman I, pompous titles were bestowed upon him by the later writers. The writer seems to have studied the later records, such as the Chittor inscription of V. The Ranakpur inscription of V. These medieval inscriptions did not follow the genealogy given in the Atpur inscription of V.

No detailed information about the successors of Khuman 1 is known. It seems that they were having their sway over western Mewar only and Chittor fort did not remain under them. DbaranhVarah of Chittor The fort of Chittor, together with the eastern Mewar taken by the Rastrakuta king Gorind III, seems to have been handed over to the Mauryas, who also measured sword with the Prati- hars, as is evident from the Jodhpur inscription of the Pratihar XXiy p.

Tins shows that the Mauryas could not remain at Chitlor for long and the Pratihars took it over. In order to check the inroads of Rastrakutas, he had overrun the south eastern Rajasthan and Avanti. The Pratapgarh inscription of V.

TJiis suggests that Chittor was also taken by him at that lime. Although, Chitrakuta in the above passage is usually identified with CliitraUita in Bun- delkhand and Harsa as Chandel prince, but according to G. Therefore, it is also possible to identify Chitrakuta with Chittor of Mewar.

But it is inconsistent with other material, as Chittor was Dashrath Sharma— Rajasthan through the Ages p. Annual Report on Indian Epigraphy for No. B B XIV pp. II pp. Raichaudhary op. The question of granting freedom to its niler, therefore, docs not arise at all.

But no exact account is known. At this time, Ghittor formed part of the domain of the Pratihars and the rulers of Mewar had their sway on the western Mewar only. We have very little information about these rulers. Bharttrlpatia 11, who succeeded, was an ambitious ruler.

The Pratihars of Kannauj were becoming weak. Tlic Pratihar king Mahipal could not manage to defeat him. B XXX No. Altekar— op. Mi»lira— The Cur jar Pratih. Aliekar ep. Thererore, it seems that Bharttripatta II was having hostile relations with the Pratihar rulers and seems to have extended his help to the Karnatak king Krishna III, during. It proves that the stronghold of Chittor was recaptured by the rulers of Mewar from the Pratihars with the help of the Rastrakutas and the Huns.

We have got another important information also about the re- lations between the Karnataka country and Mewar. The Sarneshwar inscription of V. M contains the account that the businessmen of Karnataka country were successfully eonducting their business at Ahar. Relations with the Han Kings The Hun chiefs of north-west Malwa were very powerful and formidable at that time.

They fought several battles and had matrimonial alliance with Rajput chiefs. The Rastrakuta king Krishna vras succeeded by Khotiga, about A. Paiialachchi-Hama-Mala tio. AUekar op. Tlie Chcdi prmcc Kama was also having his matrimonial relations with the Huns. No definite fact can be adduced front this casual literary reference, as the name of the Hun king has not been mentioned in it and this event could also be attributed to the reign of the great Mihirkul, who had swayed over vast areas.

His reign was very glorious. He wielded his authority successfully by killing a Pratihar king Devapal. The Pratap- garh inscription of V. But the Siyadoni inscription of V. In fact, after the death of Pratihar king Mahipal dbsensions broke out and most of the feudatories turned as staunch enemies of the empire. This had hastened the disruption of the mighty empire of the Pratihars. By the death of Devapal, the Pratihars seems to have lost their hopes to recapture Chittor and other tCTritory from the rulers of Mewar.

IV pt. U -to, liariya Dcsi is stated to ha»c founded a lown-llarshapur in Mewar. XIV no. The ruiers of Mewar aiso had to face these powers and m the lu poUtieai condition of the north, they continued to being despirited by their repeated reverses. This pertod ts aiso very important for the culturai development tn tlie state. He developed Ahar town as a c i clal centre Id shifted his capital there.

Tlte P. The Sameshwar temple inscription of V. It also throws light as to how the temples were manage. Ahar Jam Temple Iiurriptivneclitrd bytl. I PP- VI No, I pp. It contains the name of the king as Vahvaka, ho is also stated to be a son of Mahalaxmi. Ambika temple The Ambika temple of Jagat, constructed during the reign of Allata resembles the Khajuraho temples in architectural beauty. It consists of a sanctum with Paneharalh Sikhar of seventeen turrets and a Sabhaman- dapa having many inscriptions ranging from the V.

It is Interesting to note that the Unauas temple of V. Naravahana V. Naravahan, being the eldest, succeeded his father. While editing Kadmal plate of V. Bnt the teat of the above plate being extremely faulty, no new name, unknown from other sources, can be introduced. According to D. Our infoymatlon about the juntor branch of descentants Allata, as mentioned in the Kadmal plates ol V.

Wc only know that Vairata, a mem- ber of this branch, subsequently acquired the throne of Mewar, tn the second quarter of 11 th century A. According" to it, a great debate was held in the colirt o Naravaltan, among the Shaivas, the Jains and the Buddhas, w the Shaivas are stttted to have come out victorious.

The Jain recotds also claim to have defeated the Shaivas in it. The Lata-Vagada gwri'arflli ofDigambar Jains mentions that Prabhachandra, who is stated to have achieved eminenre by composing Vmdhnchar, defeated the Shaivas in the court of Niiravahan.

The Ekling temple inscription of V. XXII pp. J A. XXVI pp. The Ekling temple inscription lines 13 and Supujita rashi was the chief priest at that time, who got the temple of L-akuIisha constructed. The name of the Akshapaltalika of Naravahan w. Two important poets namely, Amra and Yogaraj, also flourished durinq this time in Mcwar. Saktikumar Naravahan was succeeded by Salivahan, who ruled for a very short period between V. Salivahana was succeeded by Saktikumar, who was an enterprising ruler.

According to the Atpur inscription of V. According to M. Tills hj'pothesis is based on the fact that he has been des- cribed, in the Chiitor inscription of V. Although, this inference is not supported by any contemporary authority, but it seems that like other Rajput chiefs, the rulers of Mewar might have sent their forces to fight against the invading forces. At that time, tlie border states of Rajasthan were grappling with the critical situation caused by the aggression of the formidable invaders.

A conjecture can therefore, be hazarded that Saktikumar might have despatched his forces on any such occassion to help Jaipal. This event took place in the reign of Saktikumar. The disastrous defeat of the ruler ol Mewar forced him to surrender the stronghold of Chittor and be satisfied with Ahar and the south-eastern Mewar. The reason of the invasion of Parmars is no where found mentioned. But it seems that Saktikumar extended his sway over Hadoli with the help of the ruler of Kannauj and captured it.

It seems that during this tune the south-eastern Rajasthan remained the bone of contention et- ween the rulers of Mewar and Malwa, and by the defeat of the ruler of Mewar the Formats acquired and retained it till 14 th century A.

In this way, the ruiers of Mewar not only lost Hadoti, but also the eastern Mewar. It adversely affected the fortunes of Mewar. To aggravate difficulty, a good number of chiefs also deserted the ru er of Mewar and went to the court of Malwa.

The Jiran District Mandsaur inscriptions of A. He seems to be a subordinate chief of the Parmars of Malwa. Inscriptions of Saktikumar Three important inscriptions of the reign of Saktikumar have been known so far. The Atpur inscription of V. Makarana Kumbha by the Author p. Another inscription was noticed23 by C. Bandel indsed on a step leading to the terrace of a Jain temple of Ahar. It is now preserved in the Pratap Museum, Udaipur. It refers to the donation of drammas to the Sun God.

His son Ambaprasad succeeded him to the throne, whose name is found omitted in the genealogies recorded in the Abu inscription of V. But the Chittor inscription of V. His defeat resulted in the alienation of the territory of Uparamal from Mewar. He seems to have ruled for a short pciii d. A good number of merchants and other citiaens migrated from Mewar to save themselves from humi- liation.

Some of them settled in western Rajasthan while others went towards Malwa etc. Handel— Journey in Nepal p. Varada Vol. KVI No. XVI p. XXIV pp. These rulers seemed to have revived their hostility with the Parmars of Malwa.

Vyas while cditing32 the Kadmal plate maintained that Parmar Bhoj deposed Yograj and appointed Vairat as the ruler of Mewar. Although there is no direct evidence to prove it, but it is clear that Bhoj took active interest in the internal affairs of Mewar while remaining there for a pretty long timc. The Kadmal plate ofV. In fact, the hostility between the Parmars and the rulers of Mewar, continued unabated. The internal insecurity and repeated Parmar and Chauhan inx'asions diminished the power of the Guhilots and Mewar was grappled in a critical situation causing adverse effect on the resources of the state.